Intermittent Streams Across Land Use Gradients: Talk Summary

Speakers: Dr. Sarah Godsey and Dr. Rebecca Hale

Why should we care about temporary streams? Temporary streams include both intermittent streams (streams that periodically cease to flow, usually seasonal) and ephemeral streams (streams that only flow in immediate response to a rainstorm). A third of the US population relies on temporary streams for a portion of their water supply, and half of the stream lengths in the US are temporary, though the number of temporary streams is predicted to increase with climate change. This is important to consider when thinking about water management. Although many water policy decisions are based off of the national hydrography dataset (NHD), which maps out stream networks in the United States, one study has shown that the NHD is incorrect ~50% of the time, often underestimating the extent and permanence of headwater streams.

Styles of partially intermitted stream networks. Blue indicates running water, orange dashes represent intermittently dry areas. Image from Rebecca Hale.

But how do temporary streams dry? While it may seem logical to think of streams contracting from their tips, there are actually multiple possible modes of drying. Non-stable streams may contract from their tips, but they also may have short or long gaps of flow between the headwaters and the outlet. Where, why, and for how long do these sections dry up?

In an effort to start answering these questions, Rebecca Hale has been conducting a case study in the Gibson Jack watershed here in Pocatello. Currently, the NHD models this watershed as one that contracts from its tips. She has used direct field observations as well as temperature loggers (relating temperature fluctuations with presence of water) to determine flow regimes through time. She found that even in a relatively small watershed, like Gibson Jack, there were stable sections, sections that retracted from the tips, sections with various sized gaps in flow, and even sections that retracted from both ends. Even on a relatively small scale, variable, dynamic flow regimes were observed. To better understand of the ecological response to intermittency in a network context, Rebecca is also studying organic matter decomposition and primary productivity in Gibson Jack, and relating data collected to the flow regime.

Urban intermittent streams are another foci of Rebecca’s work. Her research is focusing on infrastructure use across climate gradients, impacts of city design on runoff, and decomposition rates and mechanisms within these impacted systems. She argues that currently available models may not be accurate across all regions and thus more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms at work in urban intermittent streams.

This body of work will improve understanding of intermittent systems in both natural and human-impacted environments.

Laurentia!: Talk Summary

Last week’s colloquium was a shared effort given by ISU’s very own Dr. Dave Pearson and Dr. Paul Link.  The talk was titled: Tectonics and Sedimentation at the western Laurentian rift margin in the northern Rockies. 

Laurentia is a large continental craton that forms the core of the North American continent.  The western margin of this craton formed approximately 600 million years ago, during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.

Dave gave the first portion of the talk, titled: The Lemhi Arch of east-central Idaho: a stranded fault block within the western Laurentian rift margin. Dave discussed his recent research with Connor Hansen (MS, 2015) on the Lemhi Range in east-central Idaho.  The Lemhi Arch is a northwest trending topographic high that ran parallel to the southwest margin of the Belt basin through central Idaho ~540 million years ago. It is recognized in the current rock record by the appearance of middle Ordovician rocks lying unconformably on Mesoproterozoic rocks, but how did this topographic high form?  Dave and Connor identified an inverted normal fault associated with the rifting of Rodinia with over 7 km of stratigraphic offset.  This discovery is very interesting as it offers potential a mechanism for the uplift of the Lemhi arch.

From Hansen (2015)

 

This discovery also prompts the question, why do we see a change in the geometry of Rodinian rifting north of the Snake River Plain?  Dave proposes that extension related to the deposition of the Belt basin (~1350 million years ago) resulted in mafic transitional crust forming beneath the Belt basin.  This mafic crust is much stronger than its felsic counterpart and could cause the change in Rodinian rift orientation seen through central Idaho. 

Paul gave the second portion of the talk, titled:  Distinctive detrital zircon populations in Paleozoic strata of Idaho.  Zircons are durable minerals formed in most felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks.  Zircons can also be weathered, transported, and deposited as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks.  Even though many sandstones are composed primarily of quartz, it is the zircon that contains the most information!  Uranium-lead geochronology allows geoscientists to date the formation of these grains and learn about the provenance of sedimentary units.  Paul has spent a large portion of his career using this method to explore the stratigraphy of the Rocky Mountains.

Events you may be familiar with such as Challis volcanism, Idaho batholith intrusion, and even older events like the Grenville orogeny can all be identified in the detrital zircon signatures of sands and sandstones throughout Idaho.  The Grenville orogeny took place on the east coast during the Mesoproterozoic, forming 1.0 to 1.2 billion-year-old zircons. These grains were transported all the way to the west across the continent and can be found in sedimentary rocks.  However, this Grenville signature disappears in the Cambrian.  This change in provenance may be the result of the uplift of the Transcontinental arch, which cut the western margin off from the eastern supply of sediment.

From Linde et al. (2014)

Paul and Nick Krohe (MS, 2016) recently found a significant Grenville-aged zircon population in the Ordovician Ramshorn slate unit of the structurally complex Clayton quadrangle, located near Stanley, Idaho.  This signature is only seen in one other Ordovician unit in western N. America, the lower Vinini formation of the Roberts Mountain Allochthon. 

From Krohe (2016)

The discovery of Grenville-aged zircons in the Ordovician of central Idaho raises some questions.  Was there a western Grenville source? Or a northern one?  How is the Ramshorn associated with the Lower Vinini?  Was there is a breach of the Transcontinental Arch?  Southward tectonic transport possibly associated with the Antler orogeny?

Dr. Link and Dr. Pearson will be tackling these and other questions in upcoming research projects.  If you had any doubt that ISU geologists are conducting interesting research right here in Idaho, please consider that doubt resolved!